The Solar Car

เขียนโดย Admin | 20:09

A solar car is a vehicle, powered by electricity instead of fuel, which runs on solar energy obtained from the solar panels on its surface. The solar panels are commonly found on the roof of the vehicle.

This type of vehicle is not entirely practical as of this moment, for obvious reasons. It needs to harness the power of the sun in order to run. Without sunlight, it runs on the reserve power which is stored in its batteries.

Photovoltaic cells convert the sun's energy into electricity, and this electricity runs
the vehicle. That's why solar cars are limited by the energy input from the sun, their main source of energy. This type of vehicle is typically manufactured for participation in solar car races.

Just like a typical race car, a solar race car has room only for the driver, although there are some designs that include room for a navigator. It does have several features similar to a normal car, such as an accelerator, a brake, rear view mirrors on the camera, and ventilation. It would also have a radio which would be used by the driver, so that he can communicate with his support crew.

The Electrical System

Probably the most important component of a solar car is its electrical system. The electrical system controls all the power that comes in and out of the car. It doesn't have a gas tank, but its battery essentially functions as one. The battery stores energy produced by the PV cells. There's a wide range of batteries to choose from. The most common are lead-acid batteries, nickel-cadmium batteries (NiCd), nickel-metal hydride batteries (NiMH), lithium polymer batteries, and lithium-ion batteries. Most solar cars have gauges which monitor the entire electrical system. Among the things that one keeps an eye on, are the battery voltage, and the current.

The Design

The mechanical design of a solar car prioritizes on keeping friction and weight to a minimum, while maintaining sufficient strength so that it doesn't disintegrate. These vehicles are usually made out of titanium or similar composites, which makes for a good strength-to-weight ratio.

Commercially Available Hybrids

Hybrid cars using solar power are commercially available, in limited quantities. The Toyota Prius is said to be able to generate up to 240 watts of electric power from its solar cells. That results in a 15 km drive, on a sunny day.

One practical application for the solar car would be to use its technology for golf carts, which are lightweight, are mainly used during the day, and are usually parked under the sun.

Our future will be bright when cars roam the streets using renewable energy such as solar power.

About the Author:

Learn more about solar power at our blog,
Solar Power Updates & News
or visit our
Solar Power Store
to find a huge variety of solar power products on the market today.

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IQ (Intelligence Quotient) Testing was invented by Alfred Binet and Theodore Simon. The first Intelligence scale was created in 1905. At that time, the French government commissioned a test to assess which student was more likely to succeed and which students were more likely to fail in the French school system.

Lewis Terman made some revisions to this assessment in 1930 and renamed it the Intelligence Test. During this time, intelligence quotient tests were used to measure children's mental age against their chronological
ge. Our school systems have come to rely on IQ and other standardized tests. This kind of testing puts a great deal of focus on verbal-linguistic and math-logical intelligences, but they have left out other types of intelligences. In 1983, Dr. Howard Gardner stated that intelligence consists of three key components:

1.The ability to create an effective service or product that is of value to one's community or culture.

2.A set of skills that enable a person to find solutions to problems encountered in life.

3.Having the potential for creating solutions for problems, and setting up systematic methods to enable people to acquire new knowledge.

Dr. Gardner has become a world-renowned authority on what is known as Multiple Intelligences. This theory has its roots on research that is based on extensive brain research, tests, interviews, and studies of hundreds of individuals. Dr. Gardner studied the cognitive abilities of individuals who were accident victims, autistic, had strokes, were child prodigies, and some who had learning disabilities. He came to the conclusion that intelligence is not an inborn, fixed trait that dominates a person's problem solving abilities. It is each person's different part of their brains that are more developed than other parts of their brain. While these parts of the brain are interconnected, they can work independent of each other or they can work in synchronicity with each other to help that person learn, depending on the environment and the person's preferences. Having this in mind, Dr. Gardner pin-pointed eight different Intelligences that every person has, to varying extents. These intelligences are;

Linguistic/Verbal

Logical/MathSpatial

Bodily-Kinesthetic

Musical

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal

Naturalist

Eight

Intelligences

Defined

Linguistic/Verbal

- these are individuals who will have sensitivity to the nuances of the spoken word. They love to read, write, and also tell stories. They are good at remembering places, dates, and names. Professionals with a strong verbal/linguistic intelligence are public speakers, teachers, actors, radio broadcasters, and writers. Some examples are Charlton Heston and Abraham Lincoln. . Math-Logical – These are individuals with a strong ability to reason. They are able to recognize and manipulate abstract relationships and patterns. People who have strong reasoning skills and problem-solving skills are especially strong in the math/logical intelligence. Professionals with this intelligence are computer programmers, lawyers, scientists, mathematicians, and accountants. Some historical examples are Alexander Graham Bell and Albert Einstein.

Spatial –Individuals with a strong spatial intelligence have the ability to create visual-spatial models and are able to transfer them mentally. They usually need a mental or physical "picture" to help them understand the ideas and concepts being presented. Professionals with this spatial intelligence are graphic artists, cartographers, sculptors, and architects. Some historical figures include Pablo Picasso and Bobby Fischer.

Musical – Individuals with a highly developed musical intelligence are sensitive to the rhythm, itch, timbre, and composition of sound. They enjoy listening to music and may work as songwriters, vocalists, composers, or music teachers. Some Historical examples include Mozart, Beethoven, and J.S. Bach.Bodily-Kinesthetic – Individuals with strong kinesthetic intelligence are drawn to the athletic field. They may also use their physical bodies to convey ideas, thoughts, and emotions and solve problems. They have good hand-eye coordination and usually have a tendency to move around a lot while expressing them. Professionals with a high kinesthetic intelligence are dancers, inventors, athletes, and surgeons. Some historical figures include Tiger Woods and Andre Agassi. InterpersonalThese individuals work effectively in group settings and are able to understand and recognize motivations, goals, and intentions of others. People with this intelligence thrive in group work situations and are very skilled at mediating, communicating and negotiating. Professionals with interpersonal intelligence are therapists, social workers, counselors, teachers, and salespeople. Historical examples include Ghandi and Mother Theresa.

IntrapersonalIndividuals with a strong intrapersonal intelligence possess the ability to understand their own goals, emotions and motivations. These people have very good instincts about their abilities and strengths. In the professional settings, these persons will be psychiatrists, philosophers, or religious leaders. An historical example of this is Sigmund Freud. Naturalist – These individuals are "earth lovers", who have a strong affinity for nature. They enjoy learning about flora, fauna, and other nature topics. Professionals with this intelligence are farmers, botanists, biologists, and forest rangers. Historical figures include John Muir and Charles Darwin.

Remember, that although this report has outlined specific traits, everyone has some level of ability in every intelligence. It is important that we learn how to cultivate each and every single one of these intelligences. You Don't Have To Be Smart To Be A GeniusMany of the most influential iconoclasts suffered from their own misalignment with the "status quo" of their times. Among them were;Beethoven – whose music teacher said of him, "As a composer, he's hopeless"Walt Disney – a newspaper editor fired him because he had "no good ideas."

Albert Einstein – he was four years old before he was able to speak and seven before he was able to readThomas Edison – his teachers told him he was too stupid to learn anythingWith the Information Age being upon us, now is the time you can dig and soak up as much valuable information as possible on the Internet to help you develop all of your Multiple Intelligences.


About the Author

Enigma Valdez is an Information Pioneer who is dedicated to helping individuals improve their lives, and businesses increase their revenue. You find out more information at the following sites;

Http://www.HighIQ-University.com

Http://www.HighIQ-Society.com

http://highiq-university.com/BookStore.html

Http://www.Psycho-CyberGenesis.com



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Nursing As A Career

เขียนโดย Admin | 20:09

Nursing is one of the professions that demand most changes and improvements nowadays. This demand is even shown in defining nursing as profession regarding areas of services or expertise.

While being student nurses young people are faced with the obligation to improve our learning in practice, this can be achieved through reflection. Since they start nursing they encounter challenging and unique situations in practice. By reflecting on these experiences it allows learning to take place and permits flexible ways in which to resp
nd to these situations.

Learning is a continuous process thus a new career and challenge in life can bring a completely new way of learning and knowledge in you. The NHS plan calls for the use of personal electronic health records to improve patients' knowledge and involvement in their treatment and care because eighty percent of adult internet users have searched the net for at least one of the 16 main health topics online. Eighty five percent of woman and seventy five percent of men using the internet have searched for at least one of the major health topics. The internet has the ability to improve lives and link the isolated, whether they are people with learning disabilities, older people, and others with mental health problems, nurses, other health professionals or members of the public. One of the nursing roles is that a nurse should participate in nursing research to increase knowledge and improve client care, thus using the internet with better skills in IT can help me achieve this role.

A nurse should meet hundreds of people and each patient would be interested in caring, patient and trusting eyes watching and listening to him. Thus, new communication group sessions will help nurses to become a good communicator. Group sessions will help nurses gain self confidence. The presentations regarding communication are extremely helpful and allow nurses to see how they can improve and strengthen their skills and the importance of non-verbal communication.


About the Author The article was produced by the writer of masterpapers.com.Sharon White is a senior writer and writers consultant at term paper. Get some useful tips for essay writing and custom term paper.

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Nursing Degrees Online are truly beneficial and suitable for every pocket. Know the details of the program fees, online courses, online class methods and various other factors to become a successful and professional nurse...

Nursing Degrees Online are truly beneficial and suitable for every pocket. Know the details of the program fees, online courses, online class methods and various other factors to become a successful and professional nurse.

General introduction

With the hype of computers spreading ra
idly, earning an online nursing degree is becoming more and more popular. But you need to know various things before you launch into this nursing degrees online course. To begin with you should know how to search for a proper online school. This requires just a simple yet thorough search in the Internet. You can place the keyword "Associated Degree in Online Nursing" in the popular search engines to get the name of all types of online nursing programs in every part of the world.

The other things that you need to know when you are aspiring for nursing degrees online are the nature of the program. The degree programs can either be pace program or one that works in semesters. Find out when you can start with this nursing degrees online plan. Some online programs have rolling environment, which means that you can start them or end them at any time. Make sure that you have an academic adviser who can advise you to plan your course of studies. The advisor can also help keep you on track, connect you with other students and coordinate your clinical theory with those of practical classes.

Online classes

It is very important to know how these online classes work? There are various ways as the instructor posts lecture materials and assignments in the particular website and there is also a bulletin board along with discussion forums to reply to the questions placed by the students. For many of this nursing degree by Internet courses, there are written course works that takes the place of traditional examinations and the result is also published online.

Benefits of nursing degrees online programs

The benefits of nursing degrees online are listless. Through this process of nursing degrees online the nurses are provided with the option of learning online and earn an advanced degree at home, while completing the coursework at their own convenience. This saves a lot on travel time and money.  You should take specified information on whether you need a Bachelor of Science in Nursing [RN to BSN] degree to enjoy administrative rights in the profession or you want a Master's Degree in Nursing to qualify yourself for a larger number of career opportunities in the health care industry.

Last but not the least, you should know about the cost of fees of the nursing degrees online programs. A thorough search of different programs will help you find what is most affordable and perfect course for you.


About the Author We offer the best nursing degrees info source. Find it only on the Nursing Degree Plan Guide. Find more nursing degrees info on http://www.leandernet.com

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Yesterday was a beautiful day here in Pennsylvania, and my fiance' and I decided to take advantage of it. After an hour of driving the countryside, we decided to visit the cemetary where some of her family members were laid to rest.

Upon arrival, we noticed right away that there were many "new" additions to the small resting place.

Being the entreprenuer I am, I quickly said, "Man, now here's a job that offers job security!" Think about, it's the one thing in life that EVERYBODY is going to d
!

Quickly changing the subject, my fiance' stated that her job offers job security also, because she processes dental claims. "As long as everybody has teeth, I'll have a job", she said, and that was pretty much the end of that....

Until today! As I was sitting at my computer, doing some work, I got to thinking about our little conversation, when it hit me. There is NO such thing as job security!

I know, I know, what about doctors, lawyers, dentists etc, we will always need their services. Well, that's partially true. Although I am not a psychic, I would say that it's pretty safe to assume that we will probably need them also, but let's look at the big picture...

Here's a scenario; Jon is the local doctor. He is a well respected doctor in the area, and seems to have all the work he can handle, until one day, he makes an honest mistake, and is sued for malpractice. He loses everything, including his license. Jon is now out of business. This happens more than you might think.

Another scenario, same doctor; A new community center is coming to town. They offer better service, have a larger staff, and can fit you in for your appointments a whole lot quicker. All of a sudden Jon loses half his clientele and has a hard time making a go of it.. His only option is to raise the prices of his services, to help pay the bills. Before you know, Jon is out of business...

One more; A local company has been around for 40 years, and offers some of the highest salaries in the area. It is an excellent niche market; electical connectors! With technology developing the way it is, it only makes sense that this means more work for these people! It does for awhile too, until one day, a very large competitor makes an offer the owners can't refuse, and buys them out. The employees greatest fears are realized, as this takeover had only one purpose....destroy the competition! In a few short months, they are all looking for other jobs as the new owners close up shop.

It's time to wake up! This IS reality people!

These are just a few examples of things that can happen to people that we, in every day life, think "have it made", or "have job security". The fact of the matter is, sure, people are always going to need some of these services, but it doesn't neccesarily mean that they are going to need YOU!
About the Author Jer Strausser is the owner of the highly popular work at home community at http://www.workathomecommunity.com. Visit them for tips, news, and articles for your home business success.


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This Feb. 12 marks the 196th anniversary of Charles Darwin's birth!

The day has special significance for America's nearly 30 million nonreligious people. In the humanist community, Feb. 12 is "Darwin Day."

"Darwin has become an all-purpose icon for humanists, who champion reason and science while rejecting superstition and dogma," said Matt Cherry, executive director of the Institute for Humanist Studies in Albany, N.Y. "Darwin is the definitive rebuff to fundamentalism."

I
2004, a Gallup poll found that only one-third of Americans believe Darwin's 19th century theory of evolution is a credible scientific theory. The same poll found that 45 percent of Americans believe God created humans in their present form roughly 10,000 years ago.

Massimo Pigliucci, Ph.D., a professor of evolutionary biology at SUNY-Stony Brook and author of the Web column "Rationally Speaking", is shocked by how few Americans have a basic understanding of evolutionary biology and the nature of science in general.

"If people had a better understanding of both we wouldn't be embarrassed in front of the rest of the world by cases such as the one currently going on in Dover, Pa., where administrators are walking around local classrooms talking about 'intelligent design' and other nonsense," he said.

Pigliucci's course on "Evolution, Creationism and the Nature of Science" is available at the Continuum of Humanist Education, the online school of the Institute for Humanist Studies.

Though an unofficial humanist holiday, Darwin Day has been steadily gaining popularity in the humanist community since it first appeared in the early 1990s. Not long after the event took hold, the International Humanist and Ethical Union decided against making Darwin Day an official holiday. Board members at the time argued that humanists should not ape saints days or elevate humanist heroes to the status of secular idols.

Yet many humanists simply see Darwin Day as a way to celebrate scientific thinking and progress. Humanists are quick to note that science has evolved since the time of Darwin. But that, according to humanists, is a tribute to Darwin and to science.

"Science should be celebrated as something that makes our lives better –- just like family, love, nature, civil rights and the many other things we already celebrate," said August E. Brunsman IV, executive director of the Secular Student Alliance.

The Secular Student Alliance is an Ohio-based nonprofit educational organization. This year, the SSA supplied Darwin Day idea packets to more than 50 college campus affiliates. Serious ideas include lectures and debates. Some lighthearted possibilities include hosting an Evolution Banquet with Primordial Soup, or wearing ape costumes and handing out parodies of the disclaimer stickers that have appeared on biology textbooks in some states. The stickers were recently found to be an unconstitutional violation of the first amendment.


About the Author Duncan Crary is the editor of the Humanist Network News, a free weekly e-zine published by the Institute for Humanist Studies, http://www.HumanistStudies.org The IHS offers online courses in humanism, a philosophy maintaining that science and reason are the best means to promote human welfare. Humanists accept that people can live happy and ethical lives free from religious or supernatural convictions.


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MBA Overview

เขียนโดย Admin | 00:36

A short synopsis of the MBA Program.

Students entering business school to earn their MBA degree will need varied skills and have basic proficiency in certain areas. The level of math skills necessary in business school will vary depending on the program.  Many Master of Business Administration programs require statistics, algebra, and most likely, calculus.  You may want to refresh your skills if they are in question before entering an MBA pr
gram.  Most business schools require the use of personal computers throughout your MBA program. Many schools will require that you have your own laptop.  Though the extent to which you use a computer will vary, you should be comfortable with word processing, spreadsheets and databases.  Each school will give you their minimum basic requirements for computer skills and hardware/software needs.

Schools today attempt to mimic the business environment in their academic programs by using student teams. As corporations have increasingly turned to teams to work on projects and to solve problems, MBA programs have transformed a larger portion of course work from individual work to teamwork. Many master of business administration programs now include teambuilding training as team building workshops, or as a subject in organizational behavior courses. Teams may be formed for the purpose of one project in one course or they may remain together for months, working on multiple courses. In the competitive setting of MBA programs, the cooperation of students in teambuilding exercises is often difficult. Students that participate in team activities find that working with others takes up a lot of academic time. 

The fundamentals of business are taught in every MBA program. Economics, finance, accounting, organizational behavior, marketing, and statistics are in the basic repertoire for master of business administration programs. In business school these subjects are considered a core group of courses required of every student. These core courses make up the first year of study in a two-year full-time program. In some programs, students who have a prior background in business can bypass some or all of the core courses on the basis of either a special examination or an evaluation of the undergraduate transcript.


About the Author Melissa Steele is a featured writer for EducationGuys.com. She has been
writing about college degrees & trade schools

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The medical, military, aerospace, telecommunication, and the automotive industries always rely on electronic components. These industries strictly rely on manufacturers that must produce and carefully assemble customized machine parts for their use. They also rely on Distributors that can efficiently meet their sizeable orders. The machine parts come in forms of metals such as steel, aluminum, brass, stainless steel, or from nylon products. In this article am going to discuss briefly E.C.D of which is an established company and has good repu
ation.


Electronic components distributors [E.C.D]


Manufacturers can produce over 200,000 parts per day in special lengths and sizes. With 25 years of experience in custom manufacturing of screw machine {E.C.D} offers original products at great prices and offers same day shipping services besides that [E.C.D] has solutions to Hard-to-find stand-offs and spacers.


The safety of your machines is also guaranteed because they are made from the highest quality SAE No.4130 Chromium Steel Alloy. Whether their tools are used in conjunction with turret terminals or Standoffs, you can be assured of a smooth even roll, or flare &' with a minimum of splitting or cracking.


Their tools are case hardened and their working surfaces are highly polished to assure long and dependable service. Therefore, it is an industry you can advice a friend or two to visit.


Timely


Stocking 10 million stands-offs & spacers and over 100,000 handles are just some of the ways to go the extra distance of delivering on a shorter time than other manufacturers.

Efficient staff


Their knowledgeable sales staff can help you fill your hardware needs in a timely fashion. They have a legendary reputation for delivering customer satisfaction. They go an extra mile for their customers by working with their customers to improve their original design, at a low price. Individual attention to each and every customer is their key to success.


Most used machine parts include:


NAS Spacers
Custom Manufactured Parts
Terminal Blocks
Connectors
Wire Form Products
Terminals
Handles


Online trading


You are able to order by phone, by literature form for catalog, e-mail or through the Web site .Their staff is always ready to assist you in price delivery or technical assistance.


Challenges


The European commission intends to make new decisions on new legislations that will impose design criteria. Measures that will place requirements on products which will require on-going improvements in ecodesign will be implemented. The requirements for each type of product will be different and most requirements are not yet known. However guidance to new product designs is given:

* The equipment will be required to switch itself into standby mode if it is not in use. A variety of products are left switched on permanently and unnecessarily, such as computers, printers to save power.
* Product life and other information may be required for certain new products to determine their durability.
* Restriction on hazardous materials.


Typical examples of products that could be affected:


* Any mains powered product that has a standby mode &' e.g. printers, scanners, etc.
* Any mains powered product that does not have an off-switch that disconnects the mains power.
* Electric motors 1-150kW
* Some external power supplies and battery chargers
* Printers
* Air compressors
* Vacuum cleaners
When buying new products it is advisable to look at how the products are built to deal with the following:
* Minimize power consumption
* Make recycling easier
* Avoid hazardous substances
* Improve reliability and life expectancy


About the Author:

To Buy Electronics straight from a specialized IC distributor visit our expert source of Electronic components at http://partmango.com

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students, business people and others improve the ways they organise their life an do things.  An organised person is much more likely to be a successful person.  To see other articles visit my site at articles about education and other issues of interest to students and parents .

Improve your listening:

1. Stop talking - You cannot listen if you are talking - and if you are talking you are not learning.

2. Put the speaker at ease. - Enco
rage the speaker. Try putting the speaker's feelings into words. 'I am sorry to hear my decision has upset you. I do appreciate what you are telling me. Tell me what we can do about the problem.'

3. Show that you want to listen - Look and act as if you are interested. Give full attention. Show you are listening. Nod and make encouraging remarks. 'Yes, I see what you mean.'

4. Remove distractions - Shut the door, turn off the radio, don't doodle or walk about.

5. Empathise with the speaker - Try to put yourself in the speaker's shoes and see his or her point of view. 'Why did he say that? What would I have said?'

6. Be patient - Allow plenty of time for listening when you make appointments. Don't interupt. Don't keep looking at your watch.

7. Control your emotions - If you get emotional you will not hear properly. You will get the wrong meanings from words and you could get the wrong message.

8. Go easy on argument and criticism - Ask questions to draw the speaker out. 'Why did you say that? Is that what you really feel? What facts have you to support that statement?' Don't argue or attack. If you put speakers on the defensive they may 'clam up' or get emotional.

9. Ask questions - Questions encourage the speaker and show you were listening. Ask questions for amplification. It helps to develop a topic. Ask: 'Why do you believe that?'

10.              Summarise, review and reflect - From time to time summarise what you think the speaker has said and repeat the speaker's words. This will help the speaker and help you remember.

Good luck

Gary Hadler

B.Ec, Dip.Ed, MBA

Principal ITS Tutorial School

www.tuition.com.hk


About the Author

Gary Hadler B.Ec, Dip.Ed, MBA  Has had over 15 years experience in training  in the Business and Management area. To read more articles from Gary please visit http://www.tuition.com.hk/articles.htm.



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Even with all of the recent cutbacks in funding for foreign language programs, parents can still work to support early language education in their schools.

Many parents and teachers are concerned about cutbacks in funding for foreign language programs at the elementary school level.

Is there anything a parent can do to support early childhood language education in their communities?

Yes! I recently attended a presentation given by Janis Jensen, the NJ Coordinator of World Languages and the President of the Na
ional Network for Early Language Learning. During her talk, she made these suggestions for parents and teachers who are being faced with potential cutbacks in their school's foreign language programs.

1. Be an advocate. Many of the teachers at the presentation agreed that active and vocal parents can play a very influential role (sometimes more than teachers) in convincing school boards to support funding for early language learning. Consider organizing concerned parents, and presenting a compelling case to the school board for maintaining adequate funding for early language learning. Sending articles to the local newspaper about the benefits of early language learning also can help generate support for funding language programs.

2. Stay informed. To make a case to administrators, you must clearly state the benefits of early foreign language education. Research has shown cognitive, academic, and social benefits to early language learning. Furthermore, the nation as a whole benefits from developing kids who have a global understanding and can communicate with people from other countries and cultures.

You can learn more by visiting the website of the National Network for Early Language Learning (http://www.NNELL.org).

If you are concerned that language programs in your school are being cut or are substandard, find out if your school is meeting state standards. You can find out more about your state's world languages standards by going to the Department of Education website for your state.

3. Consider alternatives. You may want your school to offer a great Spanish program, but keep in mind that the specific language offered is less important than the opportunity for the child to learn ANY foreign language.

Note that the Bush administration recently announced a National Security Language Initiative to increase the number of Americans who can speak what they deem to be "critical" languages (e.g. Chinese, Korean, Hindi, Arabic). Recognizing the need to start teaching these languages in the Pre-K and elementary level, the government is offering funding for schools to offer programs in these critical languages. If funding constraints are keeping your school from offering a quality program, suggest they develop a program in one of these critical languages, utilizing the federal government's new grants. One such grant is through the Department of Education's Foreign Language Assistance Program (FLAP) and provides incentives for teaching critical need languages in K-12. $24M has been earmarked for these grants. For more information on the FLAP grants, go to the following website for funding updates (click on Chart 1): http://www.ed.gov/fund/grant/find/edlite-forecast.html.

With active advocacy on the part of informed parents, there are many opportunities to support robust early language learning programs


About the Author Anneke Forzani is President and Founder of Language Lizard, LLC. Language Lizard offers bilingual children's books in over 40 languages, multicultural lesson plans, and a complimentary e-newsletter to help parents and teachers expose children to other languages and cultures at http://www.languagelizard.com/.

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Sir Isaac Newton didn't use his telescope to find any new things in the universe but he did use it to radically transform how we view the world we live in and the universe as a whole.

Sir Isaac Newton is often considered as the greatest Astronomer and Mathematician to ever live. There is a lot of validity to this claim. This article looks at his famous reflector telescope and describes some of his discoveries.

A reflector telescope is one that uses a mirror rather than lenses to bend light and magnify ima
es. Reflector telescopes, because they are easier to make and can be made in sizes much larger than refractors, are an invention that changed astronomy and our understanding of the universe.  The largest refractor telescope in the world is forty inches in diameter and reflector telescopes dwarf this in comparison. There are currently several reflector type scopes that are over four hundred inches in diameter.

Why a reflector is better than a refractor

If you are familiar with a prism or a rainbow you can understand why reflectors are superior to refractors. When light passes through glass the different bands (or colors) pass through at different angles and this causes aberrations or problems in the images. This is called chromatic aberration and it gives us distorted views of what we see through a lens.  In the time of Newton glass making and lens making was very primitive and the problems of chromatic aberration were not yet overcome. Today we can make lenses that have almost no chromatic aberration but we can't make them very large. When a lens gets to be really large it gets very heavy and its own weight will distort the lens and ruin the image.

Newton's telescope solved these problems. A mirror doesn't pass light through it. It simply bounces all the light off the surface. There is no chromatic aberration at all. And because you only need to bounce light off the surface you can place the whole mirror on a supporting structure or base which takes a lot of the weight off the mirror. This way you can build much larger mirrors without any distortion.

It is commonly thought that Newton invented the first reflector telescope but it isn't true. Credit for making the first reflector goes to and Italian Monk, Physicist, and Astronomer named Niccolo Zucchi. He published a book on Optics in the 1650's and it is this book that inspired Sir Isaac Newton to build his own telescope. Zucchi created his first reflector around 1616 while Newton completed his first (and famous) telescope in 1670.  But while Zucchi did make some new discoveries with his telescope it didn't work well and was difficult to make and to use.  It was Newton's telescope that worked really well and that brought the art and science of reflectors into the world of science.

The real genius of Newton's Telescope

All of that stuff is remarkable but there is something much more important in Newton's Astronomy and in his telescope.  He didn't after all, discover moons around Jupiter like Galileo did, or plot the return of a comet like Halley did. But what he did do was tie in Mathematics, Astronomy, and our understanding of the universe using his telescope and his theory of universal gravitation.  He proved mathematically that gravitation was a two way operation and that while the earth pulled on a falling apple so the apple too pulled on the earth.  This was clearly seen, calculated, and confirmed in the motions of heavenly bodies which was refined and made possible by the new science of reflector telescopes which we can credit to Newton.

 Sir Isaac and his telescope carried on with the work of Copernicus and Galileo by furthering our understanding of the universe we live in and helping us to realize there are laws that govern the whole of the universe.  And this rule holds true for falling apples and for planets revolving around stars.

The actual telescope that Newton built still survives today and is in the care of the Royal Society of London. They keep it on display in London and sometimes it travels the world as part of an exhibit.


About the Author

Want to learn more about telescopes? Visit the Telescope Nerd:

TelescopeNerd.com



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There are so many people applying for teaching positions that it is extremely difficult to even get an interview for a teaching position. Without a doubt the number one secret to landing the teacher interview is…

One of the biggest misconceptions about the teaching profession is that teaching jobs are easy to find. For some reason the general public thinks that teaching is something people fall back on when all else fails…nothing can be farther from the truth.

The truth is teaching jobs are NOT a dime a dozen.

T
ere are so many people applying for teaching positions that it is extremely difficult to even get an interview for a teaching position.

Unfortunately, getting the teacher interview may actually seem like a job in itself.

If you think the traditional method of simply sending in your teacher r้sum้ and cover letter will do the trick you are sorely mistaken.

While your resume and cover letter are important, you still need to do more if you want to make absolutely certain you get the teacher interview.

Without a doubt the number one secret to landing the teacher interview is…contacts and connections.

While this may seem obvious, most potential teachers don't exactly understand what is meant by a connection/contact or how to effectively use them.

Of course, if you are the daughter of the superintendent of schools you probably won't have a difficult time getting a teacher interview.

However, your connection does not have to be all that great. Nearly any connection will help you land a teacher interview. Do you know a teacher in the school you are applying to? Do you know a parent whose child goes to the school? Do you know a school board member? A secretary? Support staff? Do you know anyone who is in any way connected with the school you want to interview with? If so, have that person specifically ask the administrator to give you an interview.

Remember, your connection is not trying to get you the job, your connection is trying to get you the interview…it is up to you to get the job!

However, you don't necessarily have to have a contact with direct connections to the school. Any contact will do.  In fact, your contact and the administrator may have never even met before. For example, a college professor, your cooperating teacher/supervisor, another teacher or administrator can most certainly get you that teacher interview.

The key is to get that contact to make a phone call for you. A phone call from one administrator to another (even if they have never met) will definitely get your resume "flagged" and most certainly get you an interview for a teaching position. Again, this just gets you the interview…it is up to you to get the job.

How do I know?

Simple, this is precisely how I got a teacher interview for the school I am currently teaching at. I was moving from New York to Florida and I had my New York principal make a phone call to a principal in Florida and the very next day I got the interview. Keep in mind, these two administrators never met and I was applying for a social studies teaching position and competing against 150 other applicants.

Just to prove my point, when the interview started I was told by the administrators conducting the interview that the only reason they decided to interview me was because my principal made that phone call.

Again, don't underestimate the power that a phone call can make from even a weak connection…this may be the single biggest factor in helping you land that teacher interview.


About the Author If you really want an unfair advantage over the competition then make sure to log onto http://www.TeacherInterviewTips.com before your next teacher interview.

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Pendulum dowsing is one of the most effective ways to tap into and develop your intuition and has a variety of uses for everyone. It is surprisingly simple to do but takes a little practice.

How to hold a pendulum - For best results you should ensure that only you touch and use your pendulum. The pendulum cord should be held lightly between the thumb and forefinger of whichever hand you use. Make sure that the wrist of the hand holding the pendulum points downwards.

How to determine your '
es' and 'No'
- The first thing to find out before trying to use a pendulum is which way it swings for 'yes' and 'no' as this varies between people. You can do this by asking of it a question you already know the answer to. To determine which is your 'yes' direction, ask the pendulum a question which you consciously know requires a 'yes' answer. It will swing one of four ways: clockwise, anticlockwise, side-to-side or backwards and forwards. This will depend entirely upon each individual. When you have found your 'yes' direction, ask the pendulum a question which you know requires a 'no' answer. The pendulum will then swing in an entirely different direction indicating your individual 'no' answer. Swinging back and forth in a straight line can mean 'do not know' or dubious. Never influence the pendulum to your own advantage - at all times stand by the TRUTH.

It takes practice - With practice you will be able to discover many things and begin to tap the forces of intuition and develop your psychic potential. However, it should always be remembered that the pendulum is a metaphysical experiment and you should not let it rule your life.

An example of how you can use the pendulum - The pendulum can help you determine which foods are good for your body. For example you can hold the pendulum over a Vitamin B tablet and ask "Is this good for me?" to which you will get an answer. But to be more specific you could ask "Does my body need this now?" which may give you a different answer.


About the Author Frank McManus has been the Organiser of the New Zealand Branch of The Aetherius Society since 1996, and a member since 1980.  The Aetherius Society has more information on Pendulum Dowsing such as workshops and instructional CDs/cassettes as well as handmade Beechwood Pendulums at http://www.aetherius.org.nz

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Verbo estar

เขียนโดย Admin | 18:49

- VERBO ESTAR -

Conjugaci๓n

yo........................ estoy
t๚ ....................... estแs
้l-ella-usted.............. estแ
nosotros/as...............estamos
ellos-ellas-ustedes..........estแn

USOS:
1.Localizaci๓n (excepto eventos)

A.Personas
Mi madre estแ en Texas.
Juan estแ en la clase de Espa๑ol.

B Cosas
El vaso estแ en la mesa.
Los zapatos estแn debajo de la cama
Las cervezas estแn en el refrigerador.

C Animales
El perro estแ en el patio
La tortuga estแ en
l jardin

D lugares
Costa Rica estแ entre Nicaragua y Panamแ.
Acapulco estแ en M้xico.

2.Estado o condici๓n actual
-Marํa estแ enferma
-Pedro estแ gordo
-El caf้ estแ caliente.

3.Opini๓n personal
-Su vestido estแ muy bonito

4.Estar + Participio (expresa el resultado de una acci๓n anterior)
- El profesor abri๓ la puerta R/ La puerta estแ abierta

5.Estar + gerundio (Acci๓n Progresiva)
Mi esposo estแ dormido
Luis estแ estudiando.
About the Author Asis Spanish School offer Spanish courses for all levels in Costa Rica. visit our web site www.institutoasis.com and e-mail us if you want recive Spanish vocabulary and excercises.


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"Though the practice declined in the mid 1900's, the renewed interest in alternative and complementary medicine has sparked a growing demand for health alternatives like homeopathy..."

Whether you're a professional medical provider or a student fresh out of college, enrolling in any one of the schools of homeopathic medicine can certainly improve your range of healthcare services.  Having the knowledge and training to offer natural healthcare remedies from animal, mineral and plant sources, homeopathic
ractitioners believe in healing the "whole" person and do not merely treat dis-ease.

Though the practice declined in the mid 1900's, the renewed interest in alternative and complementary medicine has sparked a growing demand for health alternatives like homeopathy.  So after you've explored the field and you've decided to acquire comprehensive training at one of the growing number of schools of homeopathic medicine, be prepared to commit three to four years to achieve your certification in homeopathy.

Earning a degree from your local college or university is recommended. As with most medical programs, schools of homeopathic medicine typically require prerequisite education from an accredited college or university. 

First-year studies at schools of homeopathic medicine include in-depth training in anatomy, physiology, principles and philosophies of homeopathy, acute therapeutics (homeopathy in first-aid), Materia Medica, and repertory (index of symptoms and associated remedies), among others. 

The second year of instruction at schools of homeopathic medicine offer advanced studies in the philosophy of homeopathy, Materia Medica, pathology, and clinical training.

Students who are in their third (and often final) year at schools of homeopathic medicine gain more advanced clinical training, as well as in-depth education in medical sciences, case management, therapeutics, practice management, and more.  Upon successful completion, graduates receive certification and may work in fields of medical research, teaching, or as professional practitioners.

If you (or someone you know) are interested in learning more about this or other alternative medicine programs, let professional training within fast-growing industries like massage therapy, naturopathy, acupuncture, oriental medicine, Reiki, and others get you started! Explore schools of homeopathic medicine near you.

Schools of Homeopathic Medicine

ฉ Copyright 2008

The CollegeBound Network

All Rights Reserved

Resource Box: CarolAnn Bailey-Lloyd - Freelance Writer and Web Consultant for HolisticJunction.com, in association with CollegeSurfing.com - Educational Resources for Schools of Homeopathic MedicineAlternative Medicine, and other healing arts schools.

NOTICE: Article(s) may be republished free of charge to relevant websites, as long as Copyright and Author Resource Box are included; and ALL Hyperlinks REMAIN intact and active.


About the Author HolisticJunction.com

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Spiritual Intelligence is a hot topic, but what does it mean? Many have attempted to define it and have written with great wisdom. This article responds to the request: "Give me a definition I can use." This is it. Spiritual Intelligence comes down to a single choice to be made in every given moment. Read the article to learn more.

The English word "spirit" comes from the Latin "spiritus", meaning "breath". Spirit is both the breather and the breath, the underlying nonphysical substance o
all life.

Intelligence comes from the Latin, "intellegentia". Intellegentia comes from: inter-"between" plus legere-"choose, pick out, read" inter-lege-nt-ia. It literally means "choosing between".

Leader--Old English from German laedan--"to guide", "to conduct", "to take."

Spiritual Intelligence means to choose between the ego and the Higher Self or Spirit at any given moment. That is, we choose to live, to behave, and to speak from a higher perspective. Scripturally this means: "Not my will, but thy will". In a more generic and modern sense, it is to live from one's intuition and from inspiration, to listen to and follow the Inner Voice. It is the willingness and the will to tap into the One Mind which many call "God", "Spirit", "Oneness" or other names and to follow that guidance. This may come in the form of a hunch, an "Aha" moment, a compelling urge to do or say something constructive, or a feeling.

How do I know if my Inner Voice is from my spirit or from my ego? Spirit is a mindset of abundance, love, and well-beingness. The Inner Voice is compelling, but not threatening or judgmental. It is gentle but firm. It is sure of Itself. This Inner Voice seeks the highest good for all concerned, and does not seek to do harm. In a spiritual perspective, rather than judge the behaviors of others, we use discernment. We discern if we will spend time with another person, or not. We discern if someone is a healthy or an unhealthy presence in our organization. We make decisions that benefit the highest good for all concerned. We discern if our help will be utilized or if our help is futile. This discernment is not based on fear, but on wisdom and understanding.

The voice of the ego is fear based and comes from a mindset of scarcity. Scarcity means that either there isn't enough or I am not enough, so I had better manipulate, fight, or flee this situation. The ego is about separating people--the good from the bad, the saved from the damned, those who know from those who do not. The ego always sees itself as better than or less than others. This kind of separation is a way of justifying one's positions and behaviors. The ego likes to be special.

We are always leaders, because our respective ways of being and our behaviors influence others. We each lead by example every minute of our lives. The question is: "What example am I setting at this moment?" If I hold a leadership position, my example is magnified due to my positional influence. If I am a Senior Executive, my words, my tone, and my body language have a stronger effect on an employee because I am in a position of authority. If I am a parent, every word I use and every action I take is watched and learned by my children.

Why should you care? Ask yourself: Are you leading from your ego or are you leading from your Higher Self (your Spirit)? Is your leadership based on fear and conflict and getting the upper hand, or is it based on appreciation, discernment, and being an example? Are you living from your highest values and vision, or are you battling with others to get control? Which do you prefer? Which is most effective?

Spiritual Intelligence is developed by asking these questions of ourselves. We are able to "choose between" by stepping outside ourselves and seeing who we are being in this situation. Am I being the person I want to be? If I am a Christian, I may ask "What would Jesus do?" As a Buddhist, I may ask "What would Buddha do?" If I am not strongly affiliated with a religion: "What would my Higher Self do?" or "What would I do if I were at my very best? (strong, confident, loving, at peace)"

Reflection, prayer, meditation, contemplation, and maintaining an awareness of one's thoughts and emotions are some of the means by which we practice and develop our spiritual intelligence. Spiritual Intelligence does not require all the trappings of religion. At a minimum, it requires that you have a sense that there is something greater than just your personality.

Have you ever had a flash of brilliance burst into your mind, a moment when you knew something, but you didn't know how you knew? If you are a person who, at times, intuitively knows what to say or do, then you are practicing your spiritual intelligence. It could be as simple as feeling the urge praise someone, or to listen to someone.

Spiritual intelligence grows when you both listen to intuitive thoughts that flow into your mind and you respond. For example, you find yourself in a conflict. You step outside yourself briefly, and you do not like the person you are being. In that brief moment that you stepped outside of your drama, an intuitive thought says, "Just listen. Understand." So, you follow that thought and stop pushing your point of view. You focus on the other person and their needs. Suddenly you get it. You understand where they are coming from and you know what you need to do.

Today you get to choose. Who or what will run your life? Will it be your fearful and insecure ego that wants to control people and situations? Or, will it be your Higher Self, that wants what is highest and best for all concerned? Will it be your ego, focused mostly on your own needs to the exclusion of others? Or, will it be your Higher Self, who feels confident, wise, and strong living and leading from your vision and values, and from your identity as a spiritual being? The ego is not the enemy. It is more like a fearful child who wants what it wants. It loses power over you as you give it less attention and focus instead on living and leading from the inside out. If you chose poorly just a minute ago, choose once again right now. The choice, the opportunity, is always right now.
About the Author William Frank Diedrich is a speaker, executive coach, and the author of three books, including The Road Home: The Journey Beyond The Spiritual Quick Fix. Purchase his books at http://intelligentspirit.com

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Statistics reveal that nearly four-fifths of all divorces are caused due to sexual incompatibility. Why is that sexual incompatibility such a huge problem that destroys married lives? And how to overcome it? Learn how Hypnosis, a simple, yet powerful tool can play a critical role in reassessing our beliefs and make married lives wonderful.

After you have induced a state of hypnotic self-relaxation concentrate on your specific sexual problem, assuming you have one. Ask yourself a series of questions. In an
wering them during your self-analysis stage of auto-hypnosis, try to develop some understanding of your particular sexual maladjustment. You will surprise yourself as to how much self-insight you can gain in this way, which will enable you to find solution to your problem.

                                      

When a psychiatrists succeeds in getting his patient to develop insight into his own problem (referred to as "insight therapy) he has practically achieved half the cure. For example, if you are aware of having a faulty attitude about sex because of some negative beliefs or habits, tell yourself that you can and will develop a more positive attitude. If you are living in the past, tormenting yourself with guilt feelings because of some past sexual wrongdoing, accept the self hypnotic suggestion that you are going to close the door to the past, forgive yourself and devote your efforts toward making better future sexual adjustments.

 

some of the questions to ask yourself:

 

Do I have guilt feelings about past sexual experience, which is interfering with my ability to enjoy sexual relationship with my wife or husband?

Is sexual disharmony the root cause of my marital unhappiness?

As a wife I am I assuming my sexual responsibility as a woman by not frustrating the sexual ego of my husband?

As a husband do I give my wife the love and tenderness she needs to make her more responsive sexually?

What can I do to bring about an improvement in my sexual relationship with my husband or wife

Am I willing to consult a specialist for the remedy of a sexual problem particularly when all efforts at self-help have failed?

 

Here are the 10 positive suggestions, men and women, which I recommend that you repeat to yourself again –again –and again. The repetition of an idea or thought conditions you to the successful acceptance and application of what you need and to believe. You will be rewarded with sex happiness - essential to good physical and emotional health.

 

Positive Suggestions for Women:

 

1.         I'm always enjoying my sexual life and having complete sexual fulfillment with my husband.

2.         I'm making my love relationship a reciprocal one, realizing that the mutual giving of love is the secret of sex harmony.

3.         I'm convinced that a happy sexual life is essential for a happy married life

4.         I'm always making my husband a sexually satisfied person

5.         I'm reminding myself that four-fifths of all divorces are caused by sexual incompatibility. With my happy love life, I'm convinced my marriage will last forever.

 

Positive Suggestions for Men:

 

1.         I'm convinced that attitude is all-important to understanding and correcting my sexual problem.

2.         I'm developing positive attitude and feelings. And the more sex I have the more I enjoy it.

3.         I'm becoming more and more sexually literate by reading a authoritative manuals, improve my lovemaking technique and increase my capacity for sex satisfaction

4.         I'm always positively discussing sexual matters with my wife.

5.         I'm intelligent enough to seek competent professional help If I suffer from some deep-seated sexual problem, which I cannot resolve myself,

 

Remind yourself that you are a better lover than you think you are. Don't be obsessed with the idea that you don't have the ability to love. Learn to experience the emotion of love within yourself. You will soon discover that you will want to and can love someone else. Self love (the normal type) should precede man woman love.


About the Author

Author: Pradeep Aggarwal is a renowned Hypnosis & NLP guru with career spanning two and half decades He is also a much sought after speaker and peak performance consultant for Sports Teams and organizations. Visit Hypnosis Global for self hypnosis and Personal Transformation.

 

 

http://www.pradeepaggarwal.com

 

http://www.mindinsports.com

 

http://www.hypnosisglobal.com

 

http://www.sexualproblemshelp.com

 



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The talent principle as a start point



Language interpreting is the intellectual activity of facilitating oral and sign-language communication, either simultaneously or consecutively, between two or more users of different languages (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interpreting). The formula one uses to convey language A into language B varies, as different professionals use different methods. If we take for example a mathemati
al problem, one can reach the correct result by using different formulas, calculations, etc. Unless specifically imposed, one can use various calculations in order to reach the result. The ways of reaching that result are less important as long as the result is correct and valid and one cannot affirm that one mathematician is better than the other just because he used a specific formula.



Dr Peter Kornakov, in his article, Five Principles and Five Skills for Training Interpreters, published in June 2000 talks about ways of teaching young debutants the complicated ways of simultaneous interpreting (SI). He bases this article on Steven Pearls (1995) article "Lacuna, myth and shibboleth in teaching simultaneous interpreting" arguing that just criticism without positive programme or guidelines for training is not good enough. He furthermore comments of Pearls affirmations according to which there is a lack of experienced interpreters working as experienced instructors simply because not all good interpreters can work successfully as good instructors not only for financial reasons but also because they lack the talent, the analytical ingredient and perhaps the interest. Thereafter, he continues to speak about his successful training techniques and his career.



None of his arguments mentioned in his article stand to contradict Pearls statement. He talks about his successful career both as an interpreter and instructor. This does not mean that other should do the same nor the fact that what he did is correct or as a matter of fact, incorrect. His arguments are not necessarily relevant or ideal because he talks about only his experience and unfortunately these are not the way. Although his techniques may be relevant and may indeed help many interpreters, this does not prove that Pearls statement is false. Many interpreters are simply not teaching, not necessarily because it is not rewarding, or because they are not analytical enough, but because they are not interested in such a career. Furthermore, what seems to be the success formula for one interpreter can be a disaster for another. A successful interpreter that indeed decides to teach and uses his/hers experience to guide the young professional must use more than his experience. He must take into consideration other interpreters experience and teach the summary of it, rather than taking his success formula and imposing it.



Lets take, for example, the first principle in which he combines visual memory with non-visual. This may be very much practical for somebody who enjoys having a good sight, but can this be applied to somebody who cannot see? In my professional career I have met a few dedicated professional interpreters that have lost their sight and they have proven to be much more precise than the professionals with full vision. They relay more correct information and are much more astute than the interpreters that are not sightless. But how they achieved this high level? Since they were not able to follow the first principle that Dr Kornakov mentions. They cannot perform sight translation and they cannot use non-verbal language.



The article takes each principle and provides adequate examples of training by offering different levels of difficulty. All the principles detailed including self-confidence, concentration and real-life are indeed helpful but not necessarily decisive in the training of a good interpreter.



He furthermore talks about intuition as a bridge between brain hemispheres. Pearl (1995) has successfully demonstrated in his article why intuition has worked against the interpreter. He logically explained that intuition can create problems with the end result especially when the interpreter has little knowledge on the subject he/she is interpreting. He also explained how important some details (that the interpreter may not foresee or thinks are irrelevant) are to the end user, especially when the end user is very familiar that particular terminology.



The article also talks about concentration and correctly identifies through the thoughts of Granovskaya (1997:52) the fact that nobody can divide attention between 2 independent actions that at their turn require a maximum level of concentration. This affirmation is in tandem with Pearls thoughts according to which all human processes are exposed to errors and biases. Shadowing and other concentration and memory exercises can possibly improve the target language message but cannot offer 100% efficiency. Both Pearl and Granovskaya portray the flaws of SI.



Most of the flaws (errors) also mentioned by Peal are due to the interpreters misunderstanding of the original sender and are caused by the original speakers: delegates mumble, hit the microphone, turn their heads, speak dialect, use slang, quote figures in incomprehensible ways, and, without warning, use prepared manuscripts, thus shifting delivery into a written mode without informing anybody, least of all the interpreters. (Dollerup, 2000).



Towards the end of the article he discusses his answer: to teach future interpreters techniques of interpreting. Anthough his answer is indeed valid he continues to talk about skills rather than techiques. All techiques enumerated are indeed intruguing and a true memory and concentration exercise, however they fail to explain how they can be transformed in actual techiques and are specifically designed for young professionals with no disabilities.



Many of these priciples are not relevant to the real-life situations of intepreting. Lets take for example a SI job on polution where a surprise guest comes and talks about the impacts of certain chemical substances and gives out a few formulas. This not only takes the interpreter by surprise but also the potential dictionary needed is well hidden in the subcontious. In this situation the intepreter will most definetely face the lacuna problem. No exercise can prepare the interpreter for this. It is only the actual practice that can indeed help but not save. The competence of a professional interpreter can thus be defined as the competence to process texts within the scope of a bi- or multilingual communication situation with the aim of interlingual mediation. It is also the capability of acting and performing in a situation characterised by externally determined constraints, such as the pressure of time, lack of semantic autonomy and the potential interference between closely connected processes of production and comprehension (Kalina, 2000).



Kornakov speaks about his own experience mainly as a trainer. Pearl speaks from his own and his colleagues experience. Pearls discoveries come wraped in a very angry package whereas Kornakovs discoveries are biased as they are based on academic literature and personal experience. Pearl manages to open up the actual problems that interpreters face in real situations whereas Karnakov only speaks about the training process but fails to talk about ways to overcome the real interpreting problems that are far more complex than the limitations of memory and concentration.



Conclusion



The combination of various personalised exercises makes practice more efficient.



Being a professional bilingual or being truly interested in becoming a good interpreter does not necessarily mean that one can be a good SI interpreter. All the above mentioned principles and excercices can potentially (but not necessarily) complement a professional who actually has a natural-born talent. Like any other profession, hard work and dedication can sometimes be not sufficient.



Self-teaching has a great impact on performance as it forces self-analysis, self-knowledge and last but not least, gives the great power of knowing ones limits. It goes without saying that this is not enough and that supervised teaching is needed to avoid bias.



Perhaps the lack of a explicit concusion in Kornakovs article indicates the fact that there is no formula as such in delivery a professional target message and that many interpreters can use various self-tailored techiques.



Bibliography





Dollerup, Cay. 2000. Relay and support translations. In Translation in Context, Chesterman, Andrew, Natividad Gallardo San Salvador and Yves Gambier (eds.). 17-26. [174]



Kalina, Sylvia (2000). Interpreting Competences as a Basis and a Goal for Teaching. The Interpreters Newsletter,10, 3-32



Pearl, Stephen (1999) The Other Three Eights and the Four F's. Finiteness, Fallibility, Freedom of Speech and Fair Competition in the simultaneous interpretation environment. The Interpreter's Newsletter n9. 3-28.



Pearl, Stephen. Lacuna, myth and shibboleth in the teaching of simultaneous interpreting. 1995. Perspectives: Studies in Translatology.



NOTES ON CULTURAL MEDIATION, Francesco Straniero Sergio, SSLMIT, University of Trieste (1998)



Written by Andreea Bostan, MSc, S.A.C Cert, M.C.I.L, RPSI
Leading translator Bostico International

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Astral Projection. Hypnotic-Regression of the Soul. Possession and placement of the soul.

Astral projection is an occult art that was commonly practiced by ancient mystics. Apollonius of Tyana, Yeheshuah (Jesus Christ) and many other mystics often used the ability in their ministry and work. In centuries past and up to this very day, Wicca, or the tradition of witchcraft, teaches its adherents the secrets of astral projection. The superstition that witches rode on broomsticks to their covens actually stems upon the fact that wi
ches were adepts in the art of astral projection and astral travelling. The art of astral projection was kept secret throughout the centuries until the inception and commencement of parapsychological research in the previous century by reputable and eminent scientists. What was once shrouded in mystery and transmitted secretly to initiates, are now being rediscovered or taught openly to the public through the mass media.

This occurred because early parapsychological findings paved a way for the revelation of such arcane knowledge. People were made ready for the knowledge and power that occultism had to confer. In contemporary times, Carl Jung, the great psychoanalyst, experienced many OBEs and commented on the "absolute objectivity" of his experiences. Other famous persons who had OBEs were among others, St. Augustine, Goethe, Plato, Aristotle, Wordsworth, Alfred Tennyson, and Ernest Hemingway.

Astral projection, like NDEs, is one of the ways that an individual may prove to him or herself of the truth of the survival of consciousness at the time of transition--that the self, the personal consciousness may function independently of the physical brain and organism. Death is no longer feared, and in a sense, may be said to be "eradicated" once a single astral projection is experienced and apprehended.

Hypnotic-Regression of the Soul

Hypnotism has come a long way since the days of Anton Mesmer and his concept of "animal magnetism." It has passed through many changes of techniques and used for various purposes such as entertainment, self-improvement and healing. Certain principles or tools of psycho-transformation such as affirmation, or "subtle suggestion" are linked to the Mesmeric tradition. In recent years hypnotherapy, or hypnotism used as a therapeutical tool, commenced a new line of probing into the depths of the human psyche. This occurred when certain individuals had spontaneous recollection of their past-lives. If hypnotism could be used to stir and dig up the memory of the present life, could it not also be used to probe deeper into the memory of the psyche to acquire information of a life lived in a past identity or incarnation? This question asked by experts in hypnosis was based on the concept of reincarnation. The underlying premise was that if reincarnation were true, the results of deeper probings into the psyche would offer clues as to its reality. In this section we will not discuss the results of such findings, suffice to say that many case studies of soul-regression into past lives were found to be plausible and later discovered through research to actually be historically-based. What we will consider briefly here are the findings of soul-regression through hypnosis--in the theta-state-pertaining to soul-memory of the transition state and the life beyond the Great Change. This field of study and investigation is just another logical step from the previous probings into past life experiences.

Our main (and only) source of information concerning this subject is derived from Michael Newton. After investigating the matter for several years along the lines that we have delineated above, he published his findings in the Journey of Souls. One of his main discoveries is that not all souls are of the same spiritual age; that souls may be classified as to their soul-age or evolutionary status. This spiritual principle is actually the origin of the caste system formed in ancient India. Broadly speaking, souls of the same class or spiritual age usually conform to a certain set of experiences during transition and in their "placement" which souls of a higher class usually bypass or do not normally undergo. This corresponds to the general idea of Bardo experiences where one may liberate oneself at any stage, relinquishing the need to experience the following phases--and this usually conforms with soul age and experience. Newton discovered that there was a "homogeneity of experience" among his subjects in the transitional experience, especially when it progressed through further stages.

Subjects of soul-regression declare that after the initial surprise of being alive during and after transition with its concomitant deathbed visions, a certain white light emerges and attracts their attention. This stage is often accompanied by divine music. From the point of view of Tibetan metaphysics, this white light is none other than the Clear Light of the Void manifesting in the secondary stage of Chikai. Ignorant of what is to be accomplished at this stage, some of the subjects of Newton simply passed on to another stage of the bardo where the judgment or the "tunnel effect" was experienced. Some report of having hovered over the dead body for several days because of confusion, anger or bewilderment. This usually occurs to those who were killed or murdered unexpectedly. We may equate this experience with the latter part of the Chonyid or Sidpa bardo.

Almost all subjects of deathbed visions describe the "tunnel-effect" where one feels oneself travelling through a long dark tunnel to an uncertain destination represented by a point of light at the distance. This light gets closer and closer as one approaches its source. In occultism, this light is actually the light of the astral realms and should not be confused with the Clear White Light of the Bardo, which is essentially a state of illumination. The tunnel-effect is an experience of the crossing of the veil that separates the physical from the astral regions. It is a "movement" into a different dimension, a birthing into a higher world. After the tunnel effect, and while still being a little disoriented, subjects report on experiencing vibrations of love, comfort and companionship emanating from what they later discovered to be a reception committee comprising of close friends, relatives and their personal, spiritual guide. This "reception committee" Newton found, is always planned well in advance of the soul's transition by the soul's personal and spiritual guide to assist it in adjusting to new conditions. Advance souls; however, according to certain case studies, go through the white light experience and the tunnel-effect very quickly. Most of these souls often go straight to their destined realm without undergoing the preliminary stages of meeting with loved ones. Newton believes that these souls do not require the comfort and solace from other beings that young souls usually crave for. After adjusting to the vibratory condition of the astral realm, Newton's subjects marvel at the remarkable sight awaiting them, and they are usually at a loss for words. Newton comments on this:

"I enjoy hearing from subjects about the first images of the spirit world. People may see fields of wildflowers, castle towers rising in the distance, or rainbows under an open sky . . ." (1995:24)

And he continues:

"Regardless of their state of mind right after death, my subjects are full of exclamations about discovering marvels of the spirit world. Usually, this feeling is combined with euphoria that all their worldly cares have been left behind, especially physical pain." (1995:25)

After meeting beloved ones, most souls are brought to special places designed to heal past traumatic experiences. In these healing centers subjects describe themselves as being bathed in swirling light. Those who are seriously damaged in a psychological way, and who possess negative, or evil tendencies, are brought to rehabilitation centers by their guides and secluded for a period of time.

After the required healing, souls are sent to the realm corresponding to their spiritual attainment. This is described in the Journey of Souls as "placement." Subjects describe riding on a beam of light, a current of energy, to their destination whether it be in the upper astral or the lower mental. In placements, souls are brought to their spiritual group comprising of individuals of a similar evolutionary status, and they normally do not wander form their group to join other associations. According to Newton's subjects, in the subtle spheres, the age of the soul manifests in a certain colour or hue in their aura; these souls of a certain evolutionary status (colour) congregate together to form their spiritual group, which is presided or directed by a higher soul functioning as guide and teacher. In these groups discussions take place concerning experiences in the newly-terminated life. The discussions that take place are not unlike the group discussions that occur in a psychotherapeutical meeting where one's attitudes, motives and feelings for a certain action are analyzed and where one's behavioral pattern or habit is rationalized by the psychotherapist, or others within the group. The spirit world, as we can see from this, is a time for evaluation, assimilation, and analysis. According to subjects, some of the activities that souls engage in are research and study in libraries or spiritual work undertaken at the direction of their spiritual guides. Similar to the teachings of the Occult Tradition, the case studies of Newton indicates an active life in the higher planes where one may study the various fine arts and sciences or express one's creativity in the art of mental creation, or alchemical precipitation. In the heavenly worlds a soul must learn how to utilize the mental and psychic faculties effectively in order to accomplish creative works.

In these fraternal groups of the astral regions, plans are also made for new challenges in the physical world through incarnation. Sometimes agreements are formed between members of these group-minds to incarnate together to carry-out certain tasks or for certain experiences beneficial to soul-growth. For instance, the marriage-made-in-heaven concept is actually formed by souls in the higher worlds who are karmically connected or spiritually related. Choosing a soul-entity to be one's earth marriage partner is done out of free-will as is the choice to reincarnate--though within the bounds of karma. These chosen partners may or may not come from the same group; however, as it all depends on the lessons that the soul wishes to learn. Before incarnating, these married-couples-to-be formulate certain signs that they would have to look for or to be aware of in the circumstances of their physical plane meeting and in each other to realize the soul-agreement existing between them and that they are, in fact, "soul-mates."

These signs are not usually known or remembered on the conscious level. It is triggered into conscious knowing and feeling from the subconscious mind level through the actual manifestation of those signs on the physical plane. Although gender manifests universally in the physical plane, souls are described by Newton's subjects to be androgynous and manifests in the male or female form in the astral worlds out of preference. Lacking any permanent sexual form, it is thus possible for a soul-entity to embody in the physical world as a male or a female human being.

In contradistinction to "placement," some soul-entities are "displaced." Newton describes them in the following:

"There are two types of displaced souls: those who do not accept the fact their physical body is dead and fight returning to the spirit world for reasons of personal anguish, and those souls who have been subverted by, or had complicity with, criminal abnormalities in a human body." (1995:45)

Indeed, this is an interesting subject, we will therefore discuss this briefly. Paranormal researchers have found that some souls are not aware of their transition. This is usually the result of violent deaths where the permanent atoms are expelled from the physical form simultaneously causing consciousness, or self-awareness to be retained throughout the experience. One of the reasons that makes it so difficult for such souls to accept their condition is that they feel their astral form to be no different from the physical--that, in fact, it feels solid and very much alive. Another reason is that they are unattended and ungreeted by those on the Otherside to give comfort, solace and appropriate information. As a result, these souls become confused, frustrated and "lost." These souls are trapped in time and space and sustain their entrapment in the physical plane because of their ignorance. In spiritualism, these are called "earthbound spirits." The motion-picture "Ghost" and many others illustrate this earthbound condition. Only after certain discoveries--at times with the aid of spiritual guides--do these earthbound spirits discover their position and condition. At times the help of guides are rejected thus prolonging the soul's earthbound condition. Such souls usually bind themselves to a certain geographical location. They often seek contact with three-dimensional physical beings, thus commencing and producing a "haunting" condition.

They usually live in darkness--their field of vision being murky--they are, therefore, attracted to any coloured illuminations that might appear in their vicinity. Not understanding the nature of these illuminations or lights--which are actually the aura of living beings--they tend to merge or attach themselves with it. They often find themselves trapped in people's auras. Unknowingly they may reach into such depths as to consider the physical body of their victim as their own and the original tenant as the victimizing spirit. This is technically called "possession," and causes much needless suffering to both parties involved. Possessions of this non-intentional, non-demonic variety may be exorcised effectively and morally only through helping both possessor and the possessed. In this method, the earthbound soul is given information and advice as to the nature of its plight and the way out to freedom. In this manner both sides involved in the possession are liberated. In this psychological counseling, the earthbound soul is made to realize that it belongs to another dimension; the simple awareness of this truth on the part of the invading spirit is sufficient enough to release it from its bondage and entrapment between worlds. Generally speaking, calls for help--and acceptance of such help, together with a release of desires and attachment to familiar surroundings of the earth plane on the part of the earthbound soul, gradually and automatically raises its vibration and moves it on into the astral world where it may find its placement and once again interact and relate with others of its kind.

The methods for exorcising demonic possessions are a little different from the above method where the principles of psychology are used to advise the victimizer. The so-called "demons" in such possessions are most often human souls with very negative and violent propensities. Such earthbound spirits are usually attracted to others of similar temperament, idiosyncrasies, habits and desires. They often seek to satiate their own earthly desires through a human channel. These souls are often stubborn, arrogant, and malevolent. Spiritual advise given to them in any way is often ridiculed and rejected. It such cases, assuming a wrathful and authoritative attitude with a definite command directed to them often helps to extirpate these entities. There is a principle that assists in this rite of exorcism--in expelling demonic beings from their human victims that psychic researchers have discovered: these negative beings are intensely afraid of pure radiant light, especially the pure light within the aura of pure and holy persons. Aside from the natural light-radiance of holy beings, in experiments it was discovered that visualized white light was equally effective. This light is visualized by the exorcist surrounding everyone present involved in the exorcism, especially the victim. Evidently, radiant white light causes some pain to these beings with demonic natures. Such luminescence is therefore avoided by them and causes their hasty retreat. When circumstances permit, these negative souls are brought to special places in the astral realm by their spiritual guides for rehabilitation. These places may be thought of as "hell" by its inhabitants. They are not there for eternity, though. They either progress from there to purgatory or incarnate once again in the three-dimensional world. In the end, all earthbound souls must submit to their rightful placement. In should be understood that in most cases of possessions the underlying cause is not by invading entities or malicious thoughtforms but by the assertion or projection of a personality (perhaps from a past life) from the subconscious. In psychiatry this is called schizophrenia.

Souls are sometimes earthbound because of their attachment to their relatives or friends. There are times when these earthbound souls contact earthlings through a medium. Usually they bring an important message which they feel themselves obliged to pass on to relatives or to certain individuals. This then may be a cause of their earthbound condition, or in other cases, they seek to enlighten humanity concerning life after death. It should be noted here that not all communications through mediums are from disembodied human souls. Some of the communicating beings are in fact elemental spirits, elementary beings, astral shells or even the medium's own subconscious mind--all mischievously deceiving ignorant humans. But nevertheless, sifting the information derived from communicating spirits through mediums, from the reliable to the questionable, psychic researcher Ernesto Bozzano states the following principles as affirmed by spiritualistic communicators (cf "Life, Death & Consciousness"):

"1) That all of them found themselves in human form in the spiritual world.

"2) That for some time, or even for a long period of time, they did not realize they were dead.

"3) That during the pre-death crisis, or even a little after, they passed through the trial of summarily recalling all the events of their existence (`panoramic vision' or `epilogue of death').

"4) That in the spiritual world they were welcomed by the spirits of their relatives and friends.

"5) That nearly all of them passed through a more or less lengthy phase of reparatory sleep.

"6) That they nearly eventually found themselves in a radiant and marvelous spiritual environment (in the case of morally normal deceased), or in a shadowy and oppressive environment (in the case of morally depraved deceased).

"7) That they had found the spiritual environment to be a new world that was objective, substantial and real, a spiritualized version of the earthly environment. During the separation of the astral from the physical body, it first assumes a cloudy nature which slowly assumes the shape of a physical body.

"8) That they had learnt that this was due to the fact that thought was a creative force in the spiritual world and thus enabled a spirit living in the astral plane to reproduce around himself the environment of his memories.

"9) That it had not taken them long to learn that thought transmission was the language of spirits, even though newly arrived spirits delude themselves that they converse by means of words.

"10) That they had found that the faculty of spiritual vision enabled them to perceive objects simultaneously on all sides, just as they could see inside them and through them.

"11) That they had discovered that spirits could instantaneously take themselves from one place to another--even when they were very far apart--by virtue of an act of will; nevertheless, they could walk in the spiritual environment or float a short distance above the ground.

"12) That they had learned that the spirits of the deceased will fatally and automatically gravitate to the spiritual sphere to which they belong, this by virtue of the 'law of affinity.'"(1991:88)

Copyright ฉ 2006 Luxamore
About the Author Leonard Lee aka Luxamore Metaphysical teacher, counseler, healer and merchant of occult/magickal items of Indonesia. Magickal Items from Indonesia: talismans, mustika pearls, kerises, etc. Magickal Bezoar Mustika Pearls from Indonesia.

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Le TOEFL représente une norme d’évaluation du niveau linguistique permettant d’entamer des études dans la majorité des collèges et universités américains


Élaboré en QCM (questions à choix multiple), il est divisé en trois parties et évalue tous les aspects de la langue. De manière générale, les candidats se présentent après avoir suivi un cours de préparation de 12 à 4 s
maines minimum, à partir du niveau intermédiaire. Le TOEFL donne des points qui reflètent le niveau de compétences.


Le score obtenu est valable deux ans. L’examen est proposé sous deux formats avec une échelle de points différente (papier ou ordinateur).



Un examen, ça se prépare !


À chacun son rythme, à chacun son niveau, à chacun ses objectifs ! Donc toutes nos préparations sont individuelles.


Les formateurs expressément dédiés à la préparation du TOEFL, vous proposent une formation qui vous prépare à celui-ci et qui a pour mot d’ordre « efficacité ».


A qui s’adresse le TOEFL?



Le TOEFL permet d’évaluer les compétences en anglais des personnes dont la langue maternelle n’est pas l’anglais.


Si vous souhaitez entrer dans une université ou travailler aux États-Unis, on vous demandera nécessairement votre score au TOEFL. En effet, la plupart des collèges et des universités aux Etats-Unis et au Canada anglophone utilisent les résultats du TOEFL dans leur procédure d’admission des étudiants étrangers.


De plus, un certain nombre de grandes entreprises internationales utilise les résultats du TOEFL pour recruter des collaborateurs non-anglophones.



Niveau requis ?



→ 4 à 8 semaines Contrairement aux différents examens du Cambridge, les examens américains sont des test «thermomètre» qui mesure de manière instantanée votre niveau d’anglais. Aucun niveau préalable n’est donc requis pour passer le TOEFL.


En revanche une période de préparation peut s’avérer utile voire indispensable pour obtenir un bon score au TOEFL.



Préparation au TOEFL



De nombreuses possibilités de cours - variables en intensité et en durée - s’offrent à vous pour préparer le TOEFL conformément à votre objectif c’est-à-dire le score que vous devez atteindre.



En quoi consiste le TOEFL ?



Organisé sous forme de QCM le TOEFL est administré en Europe sur ordinateur (Computer-Based Test : CBT) et sur papier (Paper-Based Test).


Le TOEFL CBT dure approximativement 4 heures et demi. Le Paper-Based Test dure environ trois heures et demi. Ils sont tous les deux composés de quatre sections qui évaluent tous les aspects de la langue :



Listening :

Cette première section du TOEFL mesure votre aptitude à comprendre l’anglais tel qu’on le parle en Amérique du Nord avec le vocabulaire, les expressions et la grammaire de tous les jours.



Structure :

Cette seconde section du TOEFL mesure votre aptitude à reconnaître le langage qui est approprié pour de l’anglais courant écrit.



Reading :

Cette troisième section du TOEFL mesure votre aptitude à comprendre des textes non spécialisés.



Writing :

Cette quatrième section du TOEFL mesure votre aptitude à écrire un texte en anglais sur un sujet précis. Vous devez pouvoir générer, organiser et soutenir des idées en utilisant de l’anglais courant écrit dans une rédaction. Pour le TOEFL CBT, afin de ne pas défavoriser ceux qui n’ont pas la connaissance du clavier américain QWERTY, vous avez le choix d’écrire votre rédaction à la main ou de la taper sur l’ordinateur.



 

About the Author:

Premier centre de préparation aux examens et concours de Toulouse, Cours CAPITOLE est le spécialiste de l’enseignement en cours particuliers et en stages.

Depuis 20 ans, notre équipe d’ enseignants œuvre pour la réussite scolaire, du collège aux plus sélectifs concours de l'enseignement supérieur.

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